Common words and terms in patent translation

           Common words and terms in patent translation

1. Common language points  

1. according to vs. based on

US version: in accordance with  is more open, and according to  is smaller in scope.

American lawyer Paul feels that based on seems to have the meaning of direct dependent  (directly attached / depending on), that is to say, it seems to be understood as a direct factor.

European word-for-word version: literal translation, "according to"  according to ; " based on " based on

2. can vs. may

Regarding "can", the word should be selected according to the actual situation:

#  Expressive ability, it is generally not recommended to use can , but capable of

#  indicates possibility, use can or  may

#  If it only expresses specific facts, "can" is redundant, and it is not necessary to translate (but IPR confirmation is required)

 

Supplementary note:

American lawyers have emphasized before that can will be subjective, so it is not recommended to use it. But it is not emphasized now, and it is used many times. But if it is possible, it is safer to use may .

There are also American lawyers who believe that it does not say that can must not be able to, it depends on where it is. If it is a description of the exclusive right, every feature is necessary, so you don’t need can, can be, may, may be, optionally, etc.  Of course, the place where may can be used is more pleasing to the ear than can Some, probably more formal.

 

3. consist of

The description and claims should avoid using closed phrases and words, such as: consist of, composed of, contain . When translating, confirm whether it is closed. If yes, it is available; if not, use open expressions such as form, formed by, include , etc. ( David:  This article still needs to be confirmed by foreign experts, but everyone can abide by it first .)

4. comprise

The instruction manual does not use the highly legal word compose. Just use include (Note: Both comprise and include belong to the meaning of "including but not limited to", and are open words).

 

5. efficient

Claims avoid using the following words:

big, sufficient, strong, such as, when required, etc. e.g.

 

6. preferred

Avoid using preferred in the specification , which will cause certain restrictions on the application itself. It is recommended to use exemplary instead.

 

7. certain

Avoid using vague words such as certain, about, approximately , etc. in the instructions.

 

8. effectively

Avoid redundant or complimenting words. like:

e.g. a duration comprising elements A, B, and C, thus to iron clothes more effectively than heretofore.

 

9. merely vs. only

Both can be used, and need to be used uniformly throughout the text.

 

10. when vs. if

If you are loyal to Chinese, you can use when .

Supplementary Note: In the claims , when has a wider scope than if . Many times, you will tend to use when instead of if . If will be understood as choosing one of many, which is the relationship of  or  , while when will not have this understanding. Therefore, the scope of protection is greater.

 

11. wherein

Legal terms such as said and wherein are not used in the specification ; they are used in the claims.

 

12.  see

Generally use refer to,  or  reference is made to,  do not see .

For xxx, refer to FIG. 1.

For xxx, reference may be made to FIG. 1.

 

13.  Multiple

To express "multiple", use a plurality of instead of  multiple of ; because multiple means multiples.

When expressing "one or more", use  one or more

 

14.  method

If you can use manner , don't translate it into mode ; unless it means "mode" ( mode ).

 

15.  judgment / determination

Judgment   and   determination both use  determine . The subject of judge is generally a person. There is no expression of judge whether , only determine whether  and  determine that.

If the Chinese is " determined by judgment " , it needs to be confirmed according to the context and IPR , whether it can be directly processed into determine instead of  determine by judging .

In the same document, if "judging unit / module" and "determining unit / module" appear at the same time, in order to distinguish the name, you can use judging unit  and  determining unit .

 

16.  wherein

Instructions: where ;            | || Claims :wherein

"Where" at the beginning of the paragraph, if it has actual meaning, it is recommended to repeat the corresponding sentence in the previous paragraph, using   " xxx, where ". If there is no actual meaning, delete it directly.

 

17.  settings

"Settings" in Chinese may be: configure ( set, configure )

May also be "placement" ( dispose, arrange, place )

 

18.  Eigenvalues

A word that can translate an overview of a data block. It is recommended to use sketch value ; not characteristic value/feature value .

 

19.  Legend number

Use reference numeral ; not legends  or  signs

Example: 11: First conductive cantilever

             12: Second conductive cantilever

 

20.  untie

Packaging : package/pack           unpack, unpack : unpack

Packet is  packetize   | unpack is  unpacketize

Compression  compress    decompression  decompress/uncompress , decompress is recommended

 

21. buffer vs. cache

buffer / buffer  buffer

Mixed storage related to memory  cache ( memory )

Buffer only temporarily stores data, and this data will be released. But the cache is always saved.

 

22. save vs. store

Save:  bias refers to a short-lived action;

Store : Bias refers to a relatively constant state, emphasizing "storage".

 

23. encrypt

Indicates encryption, encrypt  and  encipher  are synonyms.

Used in pairs with  decrypt  and  decipher  , respectively .

 

24. since vs. because

Since:  means "a period of time since a certain time";

Because: means "because of... reasons"

 

25. swipe vs. flick

Huawei's touchscreen term.

   

26.  Quantity

 

27. including

including  (contains, includes, preposition),  for example ( eg, idiom, by way of illustration)  and  such as  (eg, idiom , like, for example ). They are generally used as examples of antecedents in manuals.

In the field of patents, if the Chinese is "such as...etc", you can use: for example, such as, pay attention not to add and the like, or the like, and so on;

including  can be a partial list or a full list; such as can only be a partial list. Therefore, including  should be followed by  and the like, or the like, and so on .

 

28. adapted to

This is a term used in previous specifications, and currently " configured to configure " prevails. This is the statement confirmed by the IPR .

 

29.  enable, open

To enable attributes and abilities, use  enable

 

30. corresponding to (美 = be equal to) vs. correspond to

Suggestion: If it is a static description, use  be corresponding to ;

If there is no need to clearly distinguish dynamic and static, both expressions are fine.

 

31. where vs. in which

In order to prevent readers from being confused about where refers to "among them" or " in which ", it is suggested to use  in which as the antecedent in an attributive clause . For example, scenario in which, location in which, in a case in which ( this kind of expression is not authentic, it is generally reserved for IPR to suggest changing it to if)

 

32.  USD

Chinese: USD

English： US$, $, $ xxx USD, dollar, US dollar

Conclusion: Use "US$" when a number is included.

For example: Huawei's sales revenue reached US$ 28 billion in 2010.

 

 

2. Terminology

1. Data distribution

In the wireless field, data shunting refers to two situations:

( 1 ) If system A can reduce the burden of system B , such as wifi or micro base station network and other networks that shunt macro base stations, it is offload

( 2 ) If another UE splits and transmits the data and then merges (synthesizes), use split and merger ; or  split  and  combine

 

2. Key negotiation

The protocol is key agreement , not key negotiation

Correspondingly, A negotiates a xxx key with B , using:

A and B agree on (upon) a xxx key.

 

 

3.  attachment

User attaches to the network. In a 3GPP network, joining and leaving the network refer to attachment and detachment.

Network access and attachment: network attach

Log out and detach: network detach

 

4.  Subway

In International English, use subway instead of metro or underground .

Metro is generally only the subway of some European cities.

 

5. Items

In the contact list on the touch screen, there are many entries. Items are individual contacts. This entry is entry.

 

6. Source

Regarding the expression of "source", "drain", and "gate", in some circuit-related cases, it is not necessary to express "pole" literally, and directly use gate, drain , etc.; while in other cases, It is also translated. For those skilled in the relevant fields, it is all possible.

 

7、QoS

It is not necessarily translated as quality of service when you see the quality of service and business quality .

Original:

This parameter can be set to ON in the hybrid network of EV-DO Rel.0 and EV-DO Rev. A so that subscribers can access the network normally with the best QoS performance.

Analysis:

(1)  Avoid abusing the so that sentence pattern, it can be flexibly processed into an infinitive according to the Chinese meaning to express the purpose. Typical so that  abuse scenario: A is done so that B is done . In this case, use A is done to do B.

(2) QoS is a quality assurance mechanism, not actual quality. The actual quality is service quality.

Revised:

This parameter can be set to ON in the hybrid network of EV-DO Rel.0 and EV-DO Rev. A to achieve optimal service quality during network access.

An example of a patent:

For PCRF , it can implement QoS  ( Quality of Service, Quality of Service ) control and charging, and is a logical entity associated with the operator's policy rules.

When translating, the commentary suggested by the translator is translated as  QoS-based , which is actually based on the QoS mechanism to realize control and billing.

 

8. Vehicle-mounted equipment and new business for vehicles

on-board device  Inherent equipment

off-board device  non-inherent device

Vehicle-mounted device: vehicle-mounted device  is wider than vehicular device 

 

9. Signaling interaction

signaling exchange/interaction

In the signaling interaction in the signaling flow chart, for example, A sends an xx message to B , and B sends an xx message to C.

signaling interworking

Including signaling interaction, and some very complicated mechanisms introduced to realize signaling interaction, such as the private network traversal mechanism.

   

10. Same frequency interference

Using co-channel interference , this is a standard statement.

Without intra-frequency interference

 

11. Eigenvalue

eigenvalue

Feature value: sketch value , without  characteristic/feature value

 

12. Correspondence

a correspondence, a mapping , or a mapping relationship

mapping  or  mapping relationship  emphasizes the mapping relationship of "one-to-one correspondence". If one-to-one correspondence is not emphasized, it is recommended to use a correspondence

13. Frequency point   (not frequency point )

The frequency of GSM and CDMA is ARFCN (absolute radio frequency channel number);  recommended frequency channel number;  frequency  frequency

Frequency: The frequency at which the wireless signal is transmitted

Frequency point: the number given to the fixed frequency

The frequency interval is 200 KHz . According to the interval of 200 KHz , it is divided into 125 wireless frequency bands from 890 MHz, 890.2 MHz, 890.4 MHz ...   to 915 Hz , and each frequency band is numbered as 1 , 2 , 3 ... 125 numbered. These fixed numbers are frequency points.

The frequency band of GSM900 can be divided into 125 frequency points. 124 actually available . Among them, 1-94 belong to China Mobile, 96-124 belong to China Unicom, and 95 is reserved to distinguish the two operators.

 

14. Conduction

In cases related to reviewing platforms and circuits, "conduction" is often treated as " conducted "

15. End users

Several translations have been discussed within the Intellectual Property Department, including user of a terminal

In addition, the industry generally uses end user  to refer to end users, that is, end users, in order to distinguish them from operators.

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